Virtuti Militari - Silver crosses can also be awarded to military units, cities and civilians. All classes of the Combat Medal of Merit were awarded during wartime by the Commander-in-Chief or by a former Commander-in-Chief after the end of hostilities.
Grades I-III are awarded by group nomination. IV and V units are nominated by the chain of command (usually division and brigade commanders). Except for the twelve members of the group, all members of Class I were entitled to vote.
Virtuti Militari
Source: sarmatia-antiques.com
II degree (3 prize winners). Tadeusz Kutzeba • Brigadier General Franzisk Klieberg • Brigadier General Antony Krusel IV class (201 awards) V class (5363 awards) • Brigadier General Wilhelm Orlick-Rückemann • Heroic defense of Warsaw in 1939 At first, each army commander had a number of commanders.
Republic Of Poland After
to give to his troops. However, the system soon changed, and since then the medal is usually awarded centrally for acts of bravery after being nominated up the chain of command. By decree of 10 October 1812, anyone who received the Gold or Silver Cross was awarded an officer's rank or (if discharged) an annual salary for life.
In addition, during the Napoleonic Wars, the tradition of awarding soldiers with the Virtuti Militaire in return for military service was established. Between 1806 and 1815, 2,569 crosses were awarded to Polish soldiers who fought on all fronts, from Santo Domingo and Italy to Spain.
Note that the 2nd, 3rd and 3rd crosses were produced in 1920-1921. The 4th and 5th divisions were transferred to World War II and exiled by the government. By mid-1942, all of these 5th units were exhausted, and by 1944-45, the 2nd unit.
The remaining originals, which were grade 3, were sold by the government-in-exile in the 1980s at various auction houses in London. Class I (6 laureates). • Field Marshal: Yasukata Oku (Japan) • Kageaki Kawamura (Japan) • Armando Diaz (Italy) • General Zygmunt Zielinski • Stanislaw Shepticky • Maxim Weygand (France) • Lujan Zheligowski • John Pershing (USA) • Duke Emtoman Aosta (Italy) •
The War Order Of Virtuti Militari Design
Gen. dyw. Edward Ridz • Stanislaw Haller de Hallenburg • Jan Romer • Kazimierz Sosnkowski • Leonard Skierski • Vladislav Sikorski • Vaclav Iwaskiewicz • Duke of Turin Emanuele Filiberto (Italy) • Gen. Brig. Tadeusz Jordan-Rozwadowski Class III (14 awards) • Stefan Dab-Biernacki, Gustav Paszkiewicz, Major Zygmunt Piasecki • and 11 foreigners IV class (50 awards) • ppłk Gustav Paskiewicz, Kazimerz Rybicki, Stefanack.
Stanisław Radziwiłł (posthumous) • Center. Kazimierz Sipika, Stanislav Jakubovich • and 43 foreigners V class (8300 awards) • Miecislaw Garsztka • Valery Slavek • including 1800 posthumous, 187 foreigners Among the most famous people awarded medals during this period were the attack plan.
Against Bzura, the invasion of Poland during the defense of Warsaw by Tadeusz Kutzeba; Polish 2nd Corps Commander Władysław Anders; Tadeusz Bor-Komorowski, commander of the large resistance movement Armia Krajówa and leader of the Warsaw Uprising;
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One of the best armored commanders of the war, Stanisław Macek,[2] who developed the first anti-lightning strategy in 1940 and served as commander of the 10th Motorized Rifle Brigade, was considered the only Polish unit without soldiers.
In 1939, he was defeated in one battle, and from 1942, he was the commander of the 1st Polish Armored Division. After Poland overthrew communist rule in 1989, several Virtuti Militari awards awarded by communist authorities were questioned.
On July 10, 1990, President Wojciech Jaruzelski revoked the Grand Cross awarded to Leonid Brezhnev on July 21, 1974. On 16 October 1992, the Polish Sejm approved the new Virtuti Martial Law, based on the 1933 act.
Virtuti Militari was disbanded by the Communist authorities and all awards granted by the Polish Government-in-Exile and the Polish Soviet Support Authorities were secured. After the dissolution of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795, the award was revived, renamed and banned several times.
Throughout the period of this award, thousands of Polish and foreign soldiers and officers, several cities (and one ship) were awarded the Order of Virtut Militar for wartime bravery and outstanding leadership. First pre-war government issued 5th class Virtuti Militaris numbered 1 to 9999 (with machine stamp).
Official manufacturers include Krupski & Matulewicz, Gontaczyk, Knedler, Reising and Wabinski. Gontarchik 1st to 1000th 5th and 4th degree official crosses awarded to VM recipients. Krupski and Matulevich took the 1st place. 2nd and 3rd grades.
Order byl nadawany w okresie with Księstwa Warszawskiego. Po utvoreni tzw. Królestwa Kongresowego order, zachowując swój statut, oświęcim narzym Order Wojskowy Polski. Po odzyskaniu niepodległości w 1918 roku Sejm Ustawodawczy na mocy Ustawy z dnia 1 awsząg 1919 roku wskrzesił order, nadając mu narzew Orderu Wojskowego Virtuti Militari.
Opreniej order moze być nadawany podczas wojny lub 5 lat po jej endowment przez Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na wniosek Kapituły Orderu Wojennego Virtuti Militari. Although the Sejm of Grodno restored the decoration on 23 November 1793, it was banned again on 7 January 1794 at the insistence of Catherine the Great of Russia.
Only a year later, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth shared its illustrious fate when its neighbors annexed the rest of the Commonwealth in the partition of Poland. In the same year, King Stanislaw August Poniatowski abdicated. During his reign, he received 526 medals, including 440 silver medals and crosses, 85 gold medals, 1 Sparapet's cross.
Source: desa.art.pl
After Poland regained its independence in 1918, the 2nd Republic of Poland and the Polish Sejm reinstated the Virtuti Militari on 1 August of the following year under the new official name, "Military Award Virtuti Militari" (Order of Military Virtue Militari).
The class system introduced under the Duke of Warsaw was as follows. After the defeat of the rebellion, Tsar Nicholas I abolished the decoration and banned its use. On December 31, 1831, it was replaced by the "Polish Badge of Honor" (Polski Znak Honorowy), which was a copy of the original cross, but was awarded to Russians only for services rendered to the kingdom's authorities.
• lieutenant general. Jozef Poniatowski, Tadeusz Kosciuszko • Major General. Michal Wilhorski, Stanislav Mokronowski, Jozef Zaycek • Brig. Eustace Sangusko • colonel Josef Poniatowski, Michal Khometowski • lieutenant colonel. Ludwik Kamienecki • Major Mikolaj Bronikowski, Jozef Shchutowski Lieutenant Michal Cichocki, Ludwik Metzel • Sq.L.
Bartlomiej Gizycki The Soviet-backed Polish army fighting on the Eastern Front was also awarded the Military Order of Virtue. On November 11, 1943, General Zygmunt Berling awarded the Silver Cross to 16 veterans of the Battle of Lenino.
On December 22, 1944, the Polish National Liberation Committee, with the support of the Soviet Union, passed the Law "On the Military Award of Virtue", recognizing the medal as the highest military award of the 1st Army of the Polish Red Army and Ludov's Army.
Resistance. [2] During World War II, Spink only filmed episodes 1, 4, and 5. They won't do episodes 2 and 3 because those episodes are left over from 1921 when they did it. Ordered 10 Class 1 from Spink but never paid for or delivered.
These were sold at Spink's auction in the 1980s. During World War II, other crosses were made for the 2nd Corps in Rome and Tel Aviv. The first members of the decorative group were also the first recipients.
A total of 63 officers and 290 civil servants and non-commissioned officers were awarded the Military Order of Virtue for the Polish-Russian War of 1792 in defense of the Constitution. However, shortly after its presentation, the king joined the Targowice Association, and on 29 August 1792 the decoration was revoked and its wear banned.[2] Anyone wearing the medal could be demoted or dismissed from the army by the new Polish authorities.
The new Order of Decoration (Kapituła Orderu Virtuti Militari) consisted of twelve individuals who received four crosses of each class, 1st through IV. The group was led by Polish Marshal Józef Pilsudski, the only living Pole to be awarded the Star of the Grand Cross.
As Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Army, he may, with the approval of the group, award medals of classes I-III, classes IV and V, after receiving the application of division and brigade commanders. Poland's national holiday, May 3, was chosen as Virtuti Militari Day.
It is awarded in five categories for personal heroism or commanders and leadership.[3] Certain acts of heroism recognized by the Military Virtue Award are equivalent to being awarded the British Victoria Cross or the American Medal of Honor.
There have been no new military merit awards since 1989, when a new Act of Parliament introduced a rule that set the deadline for awards to be "not less than five years after the cessation of hostilities".
The War Order of Virtuti Militari (Latin: "For Military Virtue", Polish: "Wozhennyi Virtuti Militari") was created in 1792 by King Stanislaus II of Poland to commemorate the victory at the Battle of Augustus Zelenskiy, Poland's highest military award for valor;
in the face of the enemy in war. It is the oldest military decoration in the world that is still in use. The order was first created on 22 June 1792 by King Stanisław August Poniatowski for the victory at the Battle of Cielce.[2]
Initially, it consisted of two classes: gold medals for generals and officers and silver medals for non-commissioned officers and private soldiers. A code of grooming was drawn up in August 1792, based on the code created by Maria Theresa's Military Order of Austria.
The regulation changed the shape of the medal to a cross, which has remained largely unchanged since then. Five classes were also ordered. During the Polish War in 1939, the rapid advance of Germany and the Soviets (Polish territory was occupied by the enemy within 5 weeks of the start of the invasion) prevented the group from being awarded the medal.
Meanwhile, division and brigade commanders were often awarded their own crosses for bravery before the war. This was the case of the 18th Pomeranian Ulan Regiment, which was awarded the Virtue Militaire by General Stanisław Grzmot-Skotnički after the Battle of Croyant, and the regiment successfully held back the German infantry advance on 1 September, the first day of February.
World War. In 1806, Lieutenant-General Prince Jozef Poniatowski was appointed commander-in-chief of all forces of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw, which was allied with Napoleon I of France. As one of the first recipients of the Virtuti Militari, Poniatowski insisted that the decoration be reinstated.[2]
Source: www.prezydent.pl
Finally, on 26 December 1806, Frederick August Wetin, King of Saxony and Duke of Warsaw, accepted the offer and restored the Virtuti Militari, the highest military award to all Polish soldiers who had fought on the side of France in the Napoleonic Wars.
The official title of the decoration was changed to the Military Medal of the Duchy of Warsaw; However, the soldiers remained true to their old name. A new system of classification was also introduced by royal decree, which is still in effect, and the class of the cross depends on the soldier's rank.
However, shortly after its introduction, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was destroyed when Poland was partitioned (1795), and the partitioning authorities abolished the decoration and banned its wear. Since then, the fate of the award closely reflects the plight of the Polish people, so it has been revived, renamed and banned several times.
During the existence of this award, thousands of soldiers and officers, several Polish and foreign cities, and one ship were awarded the Order of Virtut Militar for wartime bravery and outstanding leadership. There have been no new awards since 1989.
Notable medals from this period include General Jan Henryk Dabrowski (1755–1818), organizer of the Polish Legions during the Napoleonic Wars, Mazurek Dabroskiego, the Polish National Anthem, and General Józef Chłopicki (1857). ).[2] Also on May 20, 1809, Sergeant Joanna Joubret became the first woman to receive a medal (V class) for her attack on Zamosc.[2]
I class (2nd prize). • Prince Joseph Poniatowski (February 25, 1809) • Louis Nicolas Davout (March 22, 1809) II class (10 laureates). Karol Knyazevich (November 17, 1812) Stanislav Fischer (August 22, 1809) Michal Sokolnicki (August 22, 1809) • Alexander Rozhnetsky (August 22, 1809) • Joseph 1 A.
1812) • Ludwik Pack (1813, October 1) • Mikołaj Bronikowski III Class (504 awards) IV Class (23 awards) Class V (1130 awards) After the fall of Poland in 1939, most of the Polish army was evacuated to France and rebuilt under General Władysław Sikorski
. In January 1941, the Polish Government-in-Exile made the Militar of Virtue the highest military order of the Polish Army-in-Exile. The legal basis for the selection of the new group in 1933. During World War II, the Virtuti Militari was often awarded to high-ranking officers of the Allied armies, such as British General Bernard Montgomery;
Dwight D. Eisenhower, America's Supreme Allied Commander; French General Jean de Lattre de Tacis; and Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgi Zhukov. Before World War II, these jewelers and others produced copies of notes for officers and foreigners to replace the unofficial VM.
Source: d-art.ppstatic.pl
These are not considered the first government issues Cross. Instead, they wore replica jewelry. Many recipients hid their originals and changed clothes to comply with regulations. The Military War Medal of Merit is awarded in five categories for individual heroism or leadership by commanders.
Some of the acts of heroism recognized by the Virtuti Militar are the same as the British Victoria Cross, the German Iron Cross, and the American Medal of Honor. Poland regained its independence as the Second Polish Republic in 1918, and on 1 August of the following year, the Polish Sejm revived the Virtuti Militari with its new official name, the Military Award Virtuti Militari.
] ] ] New grooming rules were also adopted and the classification system introduced under the Duke of Warsaw was reintroduced. According to the new rules, each class cross can be awarded for different classes of soldiers and for different deeds.
Among the most famous recipients of the Virtuti Militari of this period were Princes Józef Antony Poniatowski (1763–1813) and Tadeusz Kosciuszko (1746–1817), both able military commanders in support of the Constitutional War and the Kosciuszko Rebellion.
. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna created the Kingdom of Poland, informally known as "Congress Poland", as the European powers reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. With one-tenth the area and one-fifth the population of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, this province was now bound by a private alliance with Russia.
The Polish Congress renamed the Virtuti Militari medal the "Polish Military Medal" (Medal Wojskowy Polski). Both the rules of Virtuti Militari and the privileges granted to recipients were preserved. A special commission was created to award the title of Virtuti Militaire to veterans of the Napoleonic campaigns of 1812, 1813 and 1814.
By 1820, an additional 1,213 crosses of all classes had been awarded. And on June 5, 1817, all officers who received the Golden Cross were honored with a royal decree. It is awarded in five categories for personal heroism or commanders and leadership.[4]
Certain acts of heroism recognized by military personnel are equivalent to the British Victoria Cross [5] , the German Iron Cross and the American Medal of Honor [6] . The late professor Zdislav P. Wesolowski conducted 10 years of research to compile the names and surnames of 24,039 recipients.
He says it's 99.999% complete and the only list of its kind in the world."
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